Adolf Hitler, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 when Paul Von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. He abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive rearmament campaign.[21] Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.[22]
In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,[81] and the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region. In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary.[87] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova.[88] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu with a course set firmly towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee.[89] Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation[90][91] gradually stalled,[92][93] and both states began preparations for war.[94]
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German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941.[166] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo.[167][168] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East, intending to capitalise off the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions.[169]
Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war.[183][184] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset.[185] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific.[186] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, landings in Malaya,[186] Thailand and the Battle of Hong Kong.[187]
The Japanese invasion of Thailand led to Thailand's decision to ally itself with Japan and the other Japanese attacks led the United States, United Kingdom, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan.[188] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States[189] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.[136][190]
Germany had been de facto divided, and two independent states, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany),[330] were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones. The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence.[331] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany,[332] Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Albania[333] became Soviet satellite states. Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy, causing tension with the Soviet Union.[334]
The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers,[387] and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia, in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army.[388]
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On a cinematic scale, Spielberg's film is a defining moment in the history of motion pictures, unexpectedly inaugurating the summer blockbuster approach to filmmaking which obviously continues today. It has forever changed how studios produce and promote movies, with preference and priority to high-concept premises with wide commercial appeal, eventually inviting the attention of major corporations to enter the moviemaking business. The film demonstrates Spielberg's talent for capturing thrilling action and generating suspense from the most simplistic camera angles and balancing it with poignant, touching drama. Along with appreciating Bill Butler's cinematography and John Williams's minimalist score, Verna Fields' editing is another of the production's most remarkable aspects, as her work is largely responsible for making Jaws a genuine masterpiece of suspense and terror.
Starring Roy Scheider, Richard Dreyfuss, and Robert Shaw, Jaws is the film which has left a permanent mark on the history of cinema, remaining one of the most effective horror thrillers ever made, it changed the motion picture industry forever. The simple, high-concept premise of a man-eating shark terrorizing a small beach resort community not only transformed Steven Spielberg into a household name, but also introduced the special effects, blockbuster extravaganza which has become the staple of the summer movie season. Spielberg's classic creature-feature swims the shores of 4K Ultra HD with a spectacularly handsome Dolby Vision HDR video presentation and an excellent Dolby Atmos soundtrack, providing a notable upgrade over its Blu-ray counterpart that will more than satisfy movie lovers everywhere. The same set of supplements from previous releases are ported over, but this 4K limited edition nonetheless makes for a highly recommended addition to the UHD library.
Rita Wolman Stern & Deborah Wolman Rosen CollectionThe first two segments illustrate street scenes in Warsaw in 1932, including the Grand Theater, Nalewki Street in the Jewish quarter, and the Mirkowska Hala market. The final clip shows the cameraman Robert Wolman's family at a park in Warsaw.3:48 minutes, SilentJudy Simon CollectionDr. Benjamin Gasul, the donor's father, shot this footage on 16mm Kodachrome (color) film just a few months before World War II began. This excerpt shows people on the streets of Warsaw's Jewish quarter as they enjoy the sunny weather and clown for the camera.2:36 minutes, SilentRussian Archives of Documentary Films & PhotographsIlya Ehrenburg, the famous writer and member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, visits Soviet soldiers at the front in 1945.1:03 minutes, SilentBundesarchivThis German newsreel shows Allied soldiers captured by the Germans in Greece in May 1941. The camera work is intended to highlight the different ethnic types who are fighting against Germany; the commentary (not available on the DVD) states that many members of the British army are Jews who fled Germany and then turned against their native country.1:27 minutes, SilentClaude Lanzmann Shoah CollectionInterview with Tadeusz PankiewiczPankiewicz was a Pole who operated a pharmacy within the walls of the Krakow ghetto. He helped Jews by providing them with food and a place to hide. Here, Pankiewicz says that his was the only pharmacy run by a non-Jew within any ghetto. It was open day and night and he lived on the premises. After the liquidation of the ghetto, Jewish work battalions came from the Plaszow camp to buy food. He explains the division of the ghetto into ghetto "A", where those able to work lived, and ghetto "B", where those Jews who were to be liquidated resided.2:38 minutes, GermanClaude Lanzmann Shoah CollectionInterview with Gertrude SchneiderGertrude Schneider lived in Vienna with her family until they were deported to Riga, Latvia. In this clip she describes the arrival in Riga and her narrow escape from the gas vans.5:43 minutes, EnglishBundesarchivSS men and prisoners, wearing Star of David badges, filming a scene in a rail siding for the 1942 German Propaganda Kompanie film about Theresienstadt. This film is much lesser known than the 1944 propaganda film about Theresienstadt.2:46 minutes, SilentBundesarchivThis footage adds to the Archive's holdings on the trial of the so-called 20th of July plotters who attempted to assassinate Hitler. Roland Freisler, the notorious president of the People's Court, enters the courtroom. Conspirator Hans-Georg Klamroth, a salesman whose only involvement in the plot consisted of passive knowledge, appears before the court. Freisler asks Klamroth whether it is clear to him that his decision not to act once he learned of the plot amounted to treason. The second man who appears is Hans-Bernd August Gustav von Haeften, an official in the foreign office. He tells Freisler that he lost whatever sense of loyalty he had once had toward Hitler, who he considered the "executor of evil in history."2:53 minutes, GermanRussian Archives of Documentary Films & PhotographsThe actor Solomon Mikhoels and other prominent members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee meet in Columnar Hall in Moscow in 1944. Mikhoels reads from a statement, which is applauded by the attendees. Members of the committee, including David Bergelson, Mikhoels, Abraham Sutzkever, and Ilya Ehrenburg, sign the statement.2:30 minutes, SilentMara Vishniac & the International Center of PhotographyThe renowned photographer Roman Vishniac shot this footage of men participating in ORT training activities in Marseilles in 1939. The men work in a greenhouse, lay irrigation pipes, attend classes, and perform other tasks.4:01 minutes, Silent 2ff7e9595c
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